{"id":2325,"date":"2026-08-18T12:30:07","date_gmt":"2026-08-18T12:30:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/samal.is\/?p=2325"},"modified":"2026-08-18T12:47:49","modified_gmt":"2026-08-18T12:47:49","slug":"svona-verdur-alid-til","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/samal.is\/en\/svona-verdur-alid-til\/","title":{"rendered":"Svona ver\u00f0ur \u00e1li\u00f0 til"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n\n\n

\u00c1l<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c1l er \u00feri\u00f0ji algengasti m\u00e1lmurinn sem finnst \u00ed jar\u00f0skorpunni.  \u00c1l er a\u00f0 finna v\u00ed\u00f0a en s\u00e9rstaklega \u00ed bergtegund sem heitir B\u00e1x\u00edt.  \u00cd jar\u00f0skorpunni finnst \u00e1li\u00f0 sem \u00e1lsilik\u00f6t \u00ed steindum eins og Glimmeri, Feldsp\u00f6tum, Gipsi og Granati.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e1x\u00edt<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c1l finnst ekki sem hreinn m\u00e1lmur \u00ed n\u00e1tt\u00farunni og \u00fearf \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vinna hreint \u00e1l \u00far \u00e1lr\u00edku bergi. Bergtegundir jar\u00f0ar eru mis r\u00edkar af \u00e1li en helst m\u00e1 finna \u00e1l r\u00edkt berg \u00e1 heitum og r\u00f6kum sv\u00e6\u00f0um \u00fear sem B\u00e1x\u00edt myndast ekki dj\u00fapt \u00ed j\u00f6r\u00f0u eins og margar a\u00f0rar m\u00e1lmgr\u00fdtistegundir. B\u00e1x\u00edt ver\u00f0ur til vi\u00f0 mj\u00f6g langvarandi ve\u00f0run bergs \u00e1 hitabeltissv\u00e6\u00f0um \u00fear sem loftslag er rakt og heitt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00deannig skolar mikil rigning burt au\u00f0leysanlegum efnum \u00far berginu en eftir situr \u00e1l og j\u00e1rn sem eru minna leysanleg. Eftir millj\u00f3nir \u00e1ra myndast rau\u00f0leit jar\u00f0vegsl\u00f6g sem eru r\u00edk af \u00e1lh\u00fddrox\u00ed\u00f0um, sem vi\u00f0 \u00feekkjum sem B\u00e1x\u00edt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00far\u00e1l<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dar \u00e1lr\u00edka berginu B\u00e1x\u00edt er svo unni\u00f0 s\u00far\u00e1l. Ferli\u00f0 er kalla\u00f0 Bayer-ferli eftir v\u00edsindamanninum sem fyrst t\u00f3kst a\u00f0 vinna \u00e1l \u00far B\u00e1x\u00edti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e1x\u00edti\u00f0 er f\u00ednmala\u00f0 og leyst upp \u00ed Natr\u00edumh\u00fddrox\u00ed\u00f0i (NaOH) undir h\u00e1um \u00fer\u00fdstingi.  \u00de\u00e1 ver\u00f0ur til \u00e1lh\u00fddrox\u00ed\u00f0 (Al(OH)3<\/sub>) sem myndar botnfall.   Vi\u00f0 hitun botnfallsins hvarfast \u00e1lh\u00fddrox\u00ed\u00f0 yfir \u00ed \u00e1lox\u00ed\u00f0 samkv\u00e6mt eftirfarandi j\u00f6fnu: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

2Al(OH)3<\/sub>\u200b \u2192 Al2<\/sub>\u200bO3<\/sub>\u200b+3H2<\/sub>\u200bO<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dar \u00e1lh\u00fddrox\u00ed\u00f0inu er svo unni\u00f0 \u00e1lox\u00ed\u00f0 e\u00f0a s\u00far\u00e1l Al\u2082O\u2083  nafni\u00f0 hefur auglj\u00f3sa tilv\u00edsun \u00ed s\u00farefni (O)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er svo s\u00far\u00e1li\u00f0 sem \u00edslensku \u00e1lverin nota og framlei\u00f0a \u00far \u00fev\u00ed hreint \u00e1l me\u00f0 rafgreiningu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00far\u00e1li\u00f0 er leyst upp \u00ed kr\u00fd\u00f3l\u00edti (Na3<\/sub>AlF6<\/sub> ) og \u00ed lausnina er leiddur rafstraumur.  Rafstraumur er eins og nafni\u00f0 bendir til straumur rafeinda (e–<\/sup>), sem bindast \u00e1l j\u00f3nunum (Al3+<\/sup>) og \u00far ver\u00f0ur hreinn m\u00e1lmur.  Afoxunarhvarfi\u00f0:   Al3+<\/sup> + 3 e–<\/sup> = Al(s)<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fyrir gl\u00f6ggt efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i\u00e1hugaf\u00f3lk helst afoxun alltaf \u00ed hendur vi\u00f0 oxun. Ef eitt efni oxast, afoxast anna\u00f0.  \u00de\u00e1 koma forskautin vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu, sem eru \u00far kolefni C(s)<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oxunarhvarfi\u00f0 er \u00fe\u00e1: 2O2-<\/sup>+ C = CO2 <\/sub>+ 4e–<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Heildarhvarfi\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00e1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2Al2<\/sub>\u200bO3<\/sub>\u200b+3C\u21924Al(l)<\/sub>+3CO2<\/sub>\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hitastig \u00feessa ferlis er um 1000\u00b0C<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Lofttegund<\/strong><\/td>\nHvernig myndast h\u00fan?<\/strong><\/td>\nMikilv\u00e6gi<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
CO\u2082<\/td>\nS\u00farefni \u00far \u00e1lox\u00ed\u00f0i bindst kolefnisrafskautum<\/td>\nLangst\u00e6rsta losunin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CO<\/td>\n\u00d3fullkomin oxun kolefnis<\/td>\nL\u00edti\u00f0 magn<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CF\u2084 og C\u2082F\u2086<\/td>\nVi\u00f0 anode effect \u00ed kerum<\/td>\nMj\u00f6g \u00f6flugar gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fasalofttegundir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
HF og \u00f6nnur fl\u00faorsamb\u00f6nd<\/td>\nFr\u00e1 rafgreiningarferlinu<\/td>\nMengunar\u00fe\u00e1ttur sem er yfirleitt hreinsa\u00f0ur<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u00de\u00f3tt \u00e1lframlei\u00f0sla losi talsver\u00f0an koltv\u00eds\u00fdring \u00fat \u00ed andr\u00famslofi\u00f0 vegur notagildi \u00e1lsins upp \u00e1 m\u00f3ti \u00feessari kolefnislosun.\u00a0 \u00d6nnur efni sem losna \u00ed framlei\u00f0slunni eru a\u00f0 mestu f\u00f6ngu\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fatbl\u00e6stri og einungis l\u00edtill hluti \u00feeirra fer \u00fat \u00ed andr\u00famslofti\u00f0, og \u00e1 \u00cdslandi er \u00feessi losun langt undir vi\u00f0mi\u00f0um.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hreint \u00e1l er fremur deigt efni \u00e1 hreinu formi sem hentar ekkert endilega margskonar breytilegri notkun \u00feess. En eiginleikar \u00e1lsins breytast talsvert \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0a efnum er b\u00e6tt \u00ed br\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1li\u00f0 og \u00feannig geta mismunandi \u00e1lbl\u00f6ndur haft \u00f3l\u00edka e\u00f0liseiginleika.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00cdbl\u00f6ndunarefni<\/strong><\/td>\nMassahlutfall (%)<\/strong><\/td>\nNota\u00f0 \u00ed \u2026<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kopar<\/td>\n< 4,5<\/td>\n\u00cdhluti flugv\u00e9la<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mangan<\/td>\n1,25<\/td>\n\u00deynnur, potta og p\u00f6nnur<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
K\u00edsill<\/td>\n< 13<\/td>\n\u00cdhluti \u00ed v\u00e9lar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Magnes\u00edum og K\u00edsill<\/td>\n0,7 Mg og 0,4 Si<\/td>\nMiki\u00f0 nota\u00f0 \u00ed byggingai\u00f0na\u00f0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Magnes\u00edum<\/td>\n<5<\/td>\nTil notkunar \u00ed sj\u00f3 t.d. b\u00e1ta, fiskik\u00f6r, bj\u00f3rd\u00f3sir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sink, magnes\u00edum og kopar<\/td>\n5,8 Zn \u2013 2,5 Mg \u2013 1,4 Cu<\/td>\nS\u00e9rlega sterkt efni, nota\u00f0 \u00ed flugv\u00e9lar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n

\"\"<\/p>\n\n\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c1l \u00c1l er \u00feri\u00f0ji algengasti m\u00e1lmurinn sem finnst \u00ed jar\u00f0skorpunni.  \u00c1l er a\u00f0 finna v\u00ed\u00f0a en s\u00e9rstaklega \u00ed bergtegund sem heitir B\u00e1x\u00edt.  \u00cd jar\u00f0skorpunni finnst \u00e1li\u00f0 sem \u00e1lsilik\u00f6t \u00ed steindum eins og Glimmeri, Feldsp\u00f6tum, Gipsi og Granati. B\u00e1x\u00edt \u00c1l finnst ekki sem hreinn m\u00e1lmur \u00ed n\u00e1tt\u00farunni og \u00fearf \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vinna hreint \u00e1l \u00far \u00e1lr\u00edku […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2325","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-forsida","category-frodleikur"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/samal.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2325","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/samal.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/samal.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/samal.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/samal.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2325"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/samal.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2325\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2336,"href":"https:\/\/samal.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2325\/revisions\/2336"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/samal.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2325"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/samal.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2325"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/samal.is\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2325"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}